{16^th Century}

In the 15^th century the renaissance happened in Italy. That time, England was busy with the ‘War of the Roses.’ The war between 2 ruling families, “Tudors” and the “Stuarts.”

Timeline

1-    1470 Movable Types

·         William Kecston took it back to England from Germany.

·         William published: Chaucer, Morte De Arthur.

·         Led people to write in the vernacular

·         The rise of literacy

·         Translation of the bible to English.

2-     1485 Henry the 7^th [late 15^th century in London]

3-     1509 Henry the 8^th

4-     1517- Martin Luther

·         German

·         A man of great personal conviction [religious]

·         Thought the Catholic Church was corrupt

5-    1534 Catholicism under supreme headship of Catholic King

6-    1547 to guarded Protestantism

7-    1553 renewed and aggressive Roman Catholicism

8-     1558 and finally Protestantism

The Reformation

1-    Roman Catholicism

– In the reign of Henry the 7^th. The Pope took care of everything.

2-    To Catholicism under supreme headship of Catholic King [1534]

- 1509 Henry the 8^th [Defender of Faith] wanted to divorce Catherine of Argon to marry, Anne Boleyn to bare him a son. When the pope refused, he changed the clergy of all England and made it Catholicism under supreme headship of Catholic King 

3-    To guarded Protestantism [1547]

- Edward, Henry’s son, ruled briefly. He had Tuberculosis and died at 16. But while he ruled England’s Clergy was Protestantism

4-    To renewed and aggressive Roman Catholicism [1553]

- Mary, Henry’s daughter from Catherine, was a catholic and killed other Protestants. She was called “Bloody Mary”

5-    And finally Protestantism. [1558]

- When Mary died childless, queen Elizabeth, her younger sister ruled. She brought back the reformation to Protestantism.

- Protestant: A member of a Western Christian church whose faith and practice are founded on the principles of the Reformation, especially in the acceptance of the Bible as the sole source of revelation, in justification by faith alone, and in the universal priesthood of all the believers.

- Catholic: A member of a Catholic church, especially a Roman Catholic. They loved the Virgin Mary and respect her greatly while Protestants don’t. They like images and such to decorate the church with. They could ask their pope for revelations.

- Movable Types: the printing system they used.

- Vernacular: language of the people

-Literacy: to be able to read and write.

Things to know

1. Nationalism: they were proud of their language; they translated all the Latin works into English

2. Humanism: they started believing in the individually “man is the measure of all things”

3. Reading: this then became very important because it led to Introspection, which is consciousness. They studies Trivium and Quadrivium

4. Trivium: grammar, logic, and rhetoric. “using language to persuade”

5. Quatrivium: astronomy, geology, music, arithmetic. “turned peoples minds from religion to culture.”

6. New science: this came in the 17 century

7. Woman: leaned foolish things like needle work

8. Rhetoric: figures of speech, that create images and could be complex or simple

9. Poetry:

-          Was used for prayers /hymns

-          Sir Phillip Sidney wrote “defense of the poesy”

-          Beautiful language can make people better

10. Madrigals: singing without music

11. Airs: musical songs, Shakespeare and Henry the 8^th wrote some

12. Moral exhortation: to make people do things with words

13. Elizabethan literary styles

-          Lyric

-          Heroic

-          Epic

-          Comic

-          Tragic

-          Satire

14. Thomas Wyatt [1505- 1542]

-          A courtier and son of a gentleman

-          Worked for Henry the 8^th

-          Translated works and imitated people in his works

-          Was accused of having an affair with Queen Ann

-          He introduced the English sonnet

-          Made Patriarch’s poems into obsessive

-          “They Flee From Me” is a famous song, filled with anger, passion, cynicism and longing

-          Richard Tottle reprinted his works and smoothed them out.

15. Pastoral

-          Set in the country side

-          Speakers are shepherds and shepherdesses/ nymphs

-          They stress simple things In life in contrast to the city life

-          Famous poem by Christopher Marlow “the passionate shepherd to his love”

16. Heroic:

-          About someone that represents the nation and their values

-          Narritive – sequence of events

-          Famous “Faerie Queene” By Edmund Spencer

-          Glorification of the people in the nation

17. Wit: a person who was in school and was clever with words, fast and lively intellect with poetry.

18. Ear of Surry:

-          Henry Harrod wrote the first sonnet used

-          Introduced iambic pentameter and blank verse

19. Lyric in the 16^th Century

-          Sonnet

-          Elegy

-          Lament – loss of loved one

-          Complain – about lover

-          Epigram- short witty statement in prose

-          Epithalamium- about weddings

-          Hymns- religious poems

20. Great Chain of Being:

-          God

-          Angles

-          King

-          Men

-          Women

-          Animals

-          Plants

-          Matter

21. Ages

-          Age of Gold: the perfect age

-          Age of Silver: corruption of the golden age

-          Age of Bronze: more corruption of the golden age

-          Age of Iron: returning to the age of gold through poetry.

22. Elizabethans believed in the Virgilian Wheel: one day you have everything the next everything is lost.

23. Virgil:  Roman poet, he thinks that the first part in a poem should be pastoral and then moves onto epic.

24. Ovid: another Roman poet and he wrote Pygmalion, creating the perfect woman.

25. Oxymoron: they used to opposites to make up one word. [Freezing-fires]

26. The art of poesy- George Putteham

-          He said that pastoral is about death

-          Man and nature

-          Ambivalence- can’t decide

27. Ambiguity: to do with language

28. Ambivalence: to do with feelings

29.  Versification: science of poetry, how to count meters and syllables

-          Anglo Saxons used accentual stresses

-          Latin’s used quantitative syllables

30. Pseudo: fake

31. Sonnet sequence: sonnets following each other chronologically

32. Astrophil: star-lover

33. Patriarch: Francis patriarch, he established the ideal woman who is demonic and his sonnet sequence is Rima Spark, Scattered Rhyme.

34. He gave the sonnets some styles

-          Fights

-          Blazons – dividing the women into separate pieces

-          Careering ships

-          Battles

-          Hunt