Sounds
[finite] made up of
“consonants and vowels”
Linguistics:
the study of language
Language:
the mean of communication to express feelings, thoughts and ideas, through the
use of sounds and signs.
Communication:
when a message, with meaning is delivered from speaker to listener.
1-
Anthropological
linguistics: the study of
inter relationship between language and culture
2-
Historical
linguistics: the study of
how language changed through time and relationship among languages
3-
Morphology
linguistics: the study of
the ways in which words are constructed out of smaller units that have meaning.
4-
Phonetics:
the study of speech sounds.
5-
Phonology:
the study of sound pattern/system of language.
6-
Syntax:
the study of ways in which sentences are constructed, and how they are related
to each other.
7-
Semantics:
the study of meaning of words, [phrasal meaning and intentional meaning]
8-
Pragmatics:
the study of how meaning
conveyed by a word or sentence depends on aspects of the context in which it is
used.
9-
Socio
Linguistics: the study of
interrelationship of language and social structure of linguistic variation
[dialects and accents etc] and of attitude towards language.
10-
Psycholinguistic:
the study of the relationship of
language and mind. The acquisition of language [first language by children]
11-
Applied
linguistics: the application
of linguistic theories of language learning and teaching [second language]
Different
Knowledge in the Language:
1-
Knowledge of sound of language
2-
Knowledge of words of language
·
How words are pronounced
·
Category of words
·
Meaning[s] of words
·
How words are used in a sentence
3-
Knowledge of sentences and non-sentences.
Competence:
is native speakers conscious knowledge of his/her language.
Performance:
is the actual use of the language
-
Traditional
grammar: Rules [only
sentences]
-
Grammar:
1- Sounds and sound patterns
2-
Words and unit of meaning
3-
Rules for making meaningful sentences.
2
types of Grammar:
1-
Perspective
Grammar: tells speaker what
they should say. They write self rules and tells them t follow these rules. If
the speaker follows the rule theirs will be correct. If they didn’t it will be
corrupt.
·
Don’t
End a sentence with a preposition
E.g.
This is the man I gave the book to
This
is the man to whom I gave the book.
·
Don’t use double negative
E.g.
I don’t like nothing
I
don’t like anything
2-
Descriptive
Grammar: do not tell what
people should day. It tells what people say without passing judgment.
Language:
1-
Verbal
communication: sounds
2-
Non-verbal
communication: facial, body,
hand gestures
Sign
language:
language for deaf/mute people
Animal
Communication:
onomatopoeia: words, which imitate sounds of nature.
Sounds
[finite] made up of
“consonants and vowels”
TO
Words
[finite]
TO
Sentences
[infinite]
Phonetics:
the study of human speech sound
Spoken
language:
1-
Different letters same sound
2-
Same letter different sounds
3-
Silent letters
4-
Sound/no letter